Sound Reinforcement Equipment Requirements for a Music...

Good sound is the foundation of any music venue. Poor sound can ruin the audience’s enjoyment of the concert. Good sound enhances a concert, creates interest, and commands attention. So I’ll make a review of the most important gear of the Live Sound Equipment and it’s different types. So let’s start with the mics as they are the first source to pick up an acoustic signal and transform it into electrical, which will be driven down via XLR cables to the mixing desk and back to the PA system and the audience’s ears. This is only a very brief version of the signal path which you will realise when I get to the end of my report. The Microphones by their specifications have been used for different sound sources and always with one purpose as†¦show more content†¦These types of microphone give the performers the ability to be move more freely. The radio microphone contains three main components: an input source, a transmitter, and a receiver. The size of the antenna is related to the wavelength. Lower radio frequencies require larger antennas and higher frequencies smaller ones. Another important thing is that the distance between the transmitter and receiver should be kept to minimum. Figure 5 The Direct Box (Fig.6), also known as a DI (Direct Injection) Box, matches the impedance of an instrument to the input impedance of the mixing desk. The DI Box can be active or passive. The active one has a transformer and a circuit powered by batteries or the Phantom Power supply. The passive DI Box has only a transformer and provides no boosting of the low-level signals. The DI Box can be connected to any high-impedance instrument such as an electrical bass or synthesiser. But some instruments provide a balance-line output for direct connection to the mixing desk. Figure 6 The connector types depend on the connection types, and in the concert systems they are divided on unbalanced and balanced. An unbalanced connection is a two wire system. One wire carries the audio signal and the other is connected to the ground. The balanced connection is a three wire system. Two of the wires carry the audio signal and the third one is the earth. 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Ban Smoking The Clean Indoor Air Act - 940 Words

Introduction People are educated that smoking is not harming smoker’s health only, but also people who are around smokers. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a research stating that 18 of every hundred adults in the U.S. currently smoke cigarettes, causing more than 480,000 deaths every year (â€Å"Current Cigarette Smoking†). There are health issues that occur with smokers and passive smokers. The Clean Indoor Air Act was amended in Washington State on November 8, 2005 in order to protect residents’ health, prohibiting â€Å"smoking within 25 feet of entrances, exits, windows that open, and ventilation intakes that serve enclosed areas where smoking is prohibited† (â€Å"Smoking in Public Places Law†). People are not allowed to smoke inside of buildings according to this law, but people are still getting harmed. When they walk on sidewalks and in public space, they are exposed to smoke. And these situation are also exist in South Seattle Col lege. Therefore, South Seattle College should ban smoking in all forms on its campus for people’s health at school, for campus environment and also the cost related involved in health care and purchasing. Health Many health issues are caused by smoking. For example, smokers can get lung cancer, strokes, and heart disease. It can also cause a constant cough that may last all day. Lung cancer is the significant illness that is usually caused by smoking. It is also a painful way of dying because patients will feel enormous pain whenShow MoreRelatedCoffee and Cigarettes: Second-Hand Smoke and Smoke Free Law Summary and Questions855 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua allowed smoking inside the bar and the patio that surrounded the open air layout of the corner location, because he wanted his customers to feel comfortable. 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The tobaccoRead MoreAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1507 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is a serious problem in our society that damages many things such as crops, trees, plants, and natural resources. Air pollution can be indoor or outdoors, when people smoke or vehicles exhaust pollutes the air. It is an additional harmful substance that damages environment, human health, and quality of life. The state of Minnesota has taken this into consideration and decided to protect its residence and visitor’s well- being and health. As stated in the Minnesota Department of HealthRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Environment920 Words   |  4 PagesCigarette smoking has affected the environment negatively, as well (Novotny). Discarded cigarette butts can be seen off the streets, sidewalks, beaches, or other open areas (Novotny). Even though a single discarded cigarette filter has minimal impact on the environment, United States had manufactured 1.35 trillion of filtered cigarettes in 2007 and 360 billion of them were consumed (Novotny). According to Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup, these wastes are the most littered and collectedRead MoreThe Lack Of Regulation From The Food And Drug Administration ( Fda ) On Electronic Cigarette Products2292 Words   |  10 Pagesregulation from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on electronic cigarette products is creating a desire for state and local governments to enact laws aimed to address their usage (Balakit, 2014). In Marylan d, House Bill 0026, Clean Indoor Air Act – Use of Electronic Smoking Devices – Prohibition, was intended to make the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), â€Å"battery-operated devices that contain nicotine cartridges and other chemicals,† illegal in public places (Subramaniam, 2015, p. 2).Read MorePersuasive Essay Smoking995 Words   |  4 Pagesstill chose to do it. Smoking is a force of habit, it is a choice a person makes either to participate or not but it becomes outrageously addictive. The person choosing to smoke may not realize that they are not just harming themselves but they are also harming the ones surrounded by them. It has a negative effect on the people around the smoker because when the nicotine gets in the air it becomes hard to breathe and it travels amongst people faster than they realize. Smoking should be banned in allRead MoreBackground. â€Å"The Tobacco Control And Regulation Of Tobacco1860 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertisingâ⠂¬  is the Lebanon’s smoking ban stated in number 174 of the law which bans smoking in enclosed public areas such as cafes, restaurants, bars, government buildings and offices. The law was signed by 126 out of 128 members of parliament in August 2011(initial ban) and the legislation was enacted in 2012. But this edict had never been applied due to weak rule of law and practically unstable country like Lebanon. PROBLEM The predicament upon not applying the indoor smoking law has so many seriousRead MoreSmoking Bans in Casinos Essay2144 Words   |  9 PagesNovember 2012 Smoking Bans in Casinos Las Vegas is often referred to as â€Å"Sin City†. People come here from all over the world to gamble, party, and enjoy the nightlife this city has to offer. Vacationers expect a crazy trip where â€Å"sinning† is the norm. Vegas is a place where you can get away from rules and laws, and many think they should be able to drink and smoke to their heart’s content. But recently, Vegas passed laws banning smoking in restaurants and taverns. These bans were quickly liftedRead MoreOver the years, there has been much debate about the ethical concerns of second-hand smoke.2400 Words   |  10 Pagesvoluntarily engaged in it. While acknowledging the selfish nature of second hand smoking, governments in various countries like Singapore have put in place smoke-free laws that restricts smokers from smoking in certain public places (Smoking prohibition, 2013). However, there are many outdoor areas, which the government cannot possibly ban as well, signalling that the e thical concerns of the smoke released from smoking cannot be eliminated. 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Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development free essay sample

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Context 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. A review of relevant material related to the selected entrepreneur. 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction Nowadays, businesses are facing development problems. Problems are included: the competitors, management system, leadership and so on. For entrepreneurs, the leadership is an essential leadership quality. It is not only an idea or a reality. Leadership is relating to not only the individual, but also the social. An entrepreneur will not be able to manage his company and staff if he has not good leadership. Similar, he is also unable to accommodate changeful environment market. This means that, even though you hold some good staffs and excellent physical conditions, however, you cannot develop and use these resources. IBM is a historic and very good company, and its product distribute hundred countries. Recalling the history of IBMs growth, there is a very important person, he is Thomas Watson, Jr, the second-generation president of IBM. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Leadership in Business Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Business Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: In the business sectors, leadership does not depend on the person who you are but give importance of what you have to do. In the words of Avolio and Yammarino (2013), leaders are responsible for improving the collective work, mitigating the cohesion, achieving goals and reinforce in the group identity. In short, the leaders bring the change in society in an ethical and socially responsible manner. According to Nohria and Khurana (2013), the responsible leader is considered to be the person who takes the responsibility of social, economical and environmental sector. In this context, the chosen leaders are Marissa Mayer and John Sculley who are considered to be the contemporary leaders facing challenges in terms of their leadership. Marissa Mayer was the former CEO of Yahoo and John Sculley was the president of the Pepsi-Cola and the chief executive officer of the well known organization Apple. This research essay is enriched by analyzing the challenge facing by these two leaders along with the evaluation of their leadership styles and its effectiveness. Moreover, their strategy is assessed in terms of the effectiveness of influencing the stakeholders to invest more in their organization. Lastly, a suitable suggestion has been provided on how the above-stated leaders can improve their stand point as a responsible leader. Discussion: John Sculley was formerly the president of Pepsi-Cola and then he joined the Apple organization as a chief executive officer. At that time, the CEO has faced the problems of a dispute on the licensing of software of Macintosh to the other personal computer makers (Goldman 2016). At this moment, the board of this company wanted to approve the other PC producers to use the Apples software. Sculley did not agree with this decision. As a result, Sculley was overthrown from this organization and Apple licensed their software which was a big mistake for them (Goldman 2016). After this incident Steve Jobs returned to Apple and took him back along with banning this license. Another leader Marissa Mayer who was a former CEO of Yahoo has faced a tough challenge to recover the poor condition of Silicon Valley as it is overshadow by the rivals and under gone in a poor financial situation. This would create a negative impact on the investment amount of shareholders and as well as stakeholders (Yahoo 2016). Marissa Mayer wants to implement a new organizational culture in the Yahoo during the time of reviving the growth of this organization. In this perspective, as the company faces slow growth rate along with the several problems related to organizational culture, the CEO analyzes the root cause of this issue (Apple 2016). Yahoo is a well known internet organization which spread its networks globally. This organization earns its revenues from search processes, ad displays and fess system and compete with the Google, Facebook and Microsoft (Apple 2016). In this context, the former CEO of this organization Thompson cut back almost 2000 employees in respect of diminishing the stock prices. As a result, due to misrepresentation of this fact and unstable leadership style lead to create a negative impact on the employees, shareholders and customer base. At this moment, Mayer takes the challenges to reboot the entire organizational culture for mitigating this above issue. Apple is a one of the well known organization of i-phone maker. In the words of Braun et al. (2013), the potential organizational culture depends on the factors such as applying new strategies and policies with creativity and innovative ideas, supporting changes and revising their structures with new technology which would lead to reach in the successful position. Though, this organization launches various types of products namely Apple watch, iPad and iPhone, but during the leadership time of John Sculley, the organization has faced some problems in terms of moderate combativeness, innovation and secrecy (Apple 2016). John Sculley is considered to be a successful leader in the organization of Apple. As commented by Van Wart (2013), the authentic leadership styles include the quality of positive and stable psychological state, genuine and high awareness of other and self along with development and follower regard. In this perspective, it is observed that Sculley always deal with the big customer issues and want to mitigate this as soon as possible (Forbes 2016). In the time of severe difficulty, the concerned CEO takes the responsibility of solving the alarming issue with a stable and positive mind set. This would lead to solve the issue without any complications and fearless of the other employees. Moreover, as opined by Parris and Peachey (2013), the authentic leader always follows the morality during the time of taking any decision. As per this theory, John Sculley takes the risks and learns from the change system along with a great adaptability nature and proper emphasize on morality of the com pany. Apart from this, the above-concerned CEO takes the opinion from the junior employees of this organization to respect their knowledge and decision and follows it according to the necessity of the current situation. In other words, according to Chemers (2014), as per the ethical leadership style, the leaders have the quality such as fairly and justified behavior with the followers, trustworthy and integrity commitment with the work and development process. Furthermore, this type of leader has to maintain the quality in terms of taking a proper action with the help of prerequisite knowledge and real life experience. In this perspective, Sculley is an excellent leader as he fulfills all the commitment to the work with a great excellence and care. He always treats the employees in a fairly manner from the same corner. Apart from this, John Sculley mitigates the current problems by taking a required action which is acquired from the real life experience. In addition, the former CEO of Apple does not believe in democratic leadership style as it represents the centric type leadership along with a barrier of creativity and freedom (Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb 2014). In the words of Mohr, You ng and Burgess Jr (2012), the transformational leadership follows the way of motivating and inspiring the followers for achieving the foster growth and goals of the company. As per this theory, the former CEO of Apple, John Sculley described a concept that there exists a thin line between the failure and success during the period of transformational change in terms of high tech. In this context, the CEO sets the example of Intel and IBM who has faced a situation of bankruptcy for taking the high level risk without following any proper leadership style. On the other hand, Marissa Mayer has applied the supportive leadership style for bringing the democratic nature in the organization, Yahoo. During her leadership period, Yahoo has faced several problems regarding with the failure leadership style along with issues of organizational culture and low growth rate. In this perspective, Mayer follows the sound leadership style which is not beneficial for this organization. Moreover, Mayer joined Yahoo after leaving the Google Company because of building her good and positive image at that moment. The CEO of Yahoo, Marissa Mayer thinks that by solving the alarming problem of Yahoo, she can be able to make her own destination and prospective growth (Forbes Welcome 2016). However, this is not the right decision for her at that moment. In the words of Carlstrm and Ekman (2012), according to the self leadership theory, it describes the nature of a leader in which improvement in self awareness and self behavior management exists. Mayer follows t he same type of leadership style in this organization. In addition, Marissa Mayer implements the rule of coming all the remote workers in the office which is an alarming issue in this organization. Moreover, according to Van Wart (2013), the self leadership style indicates the characteristics of a human behavior in which the person always involve in self punishing and rewarding process. This characteristic is seen in the CEO of Mayer as she believes in giving the reward that remains loyal to her. Moreover, she publicly announced that the Yahoo layoffs are over whereas, in real life it is not stopped along with a negative impact on the company and employees. As per the transformational theory, the effective leader needs to revive the strategy and policy of the organization for foster growth of the company (Chemers 2014). According to this theory, Marissa Mayer wants to boost up the organization by pushing Yahoo in diversified direction. However, this strategy is in vain as due to multiple changes in direction, Yahoo cannot accommodate this change. In addition, due to taken various strategies by Mayer, the actual growth is hampered. In this context, Mayer cannot be able to unders tand of her role in the case of huge amount of stake in Alibaba. As a result, the financial condition of Yahoo deteriorates continuously. Apart from this, Marissa Mayer motivating all the employees through the process of fear which is not a beneficial strategy for the company. Thus, the above-stated mistakes done by Mayer proves that she is not an effective leader and takes so many wrong decisions which ensure the stagnation condition of the concerned organization (Forbes Welcome 2016). During the period of John Sculley in Apple, all the stakeholders namely customers, investors, employees and distributors and suppliers are satisfied with the growth of this organization along with achieving a positive and higher amount of revenue, profit and dividend. As commented by Parris and Peachey (2013), the demand of the stakeholders ensures to maintain a better CSR policy from which the amount of sales revenue can be increased. In this perspective, John Sculley takes the appropriate strategy of CSR policy for which the amount of sales revenue and customer perception along with setting a strong customer base and customer loyalty can be done in Apple. With the help of applying proper CSR policy by Sculley, Apple can be able to launch new and innovative products along with the premium price strategy which has a high demand in consumers. This would lead to increase in production and selling part of this product. As a result, both the employees and investors get huge amount of bon us, dividend and return which is acceptable for them. Moreover, the financial condition of the organization is positive during Sculley as at that time the company earns huge profit margin which helps them to correct the debt of this organization. On the contrary, Mayer cannot be able to satisfy all the stakeholders associated with this organization as she diversified her decisions in terms of hires and acquisitions. The stakeholders think that due to absence of clear and proper direction in terms of which sector it wants to occupy, the potential and prospective growth is hampered in this organization. As a result, the existing stakeholders do not want to invest more in Yahoo. As per the stakeholders view, the strategies taken by Mayer is a mishmash situation of internet assets which cannot be cured by following this strategy (Yahoo stakeholder turns up pressure on Marissa Mayer The Mercury News 2016). According to Chemers (2014), as per the Contingency model, the responsible leader is the person who can manage all the difficult situations without any hesitation, achieve goals, and motivate all the employees along with maintaining a good relation. By following this theory, it can be justified that John Sculley performs better than Mayer as he fulfils all the above-stated conditions whereas, Mayer cannot. Conclusion: By referring to the above analysis, it can be inferred that two contemporary leaders such as John Sculley and Marissa Mayer have faced different types of challenges during their leadership in terms of issues in organizational culture. The different leadership style taken by them is effective for Sculley for motivating all the stakeholders towards them. On the contrary, due to some mistakes in case of taking decision, the leadership of Mayer is not effective for attracting the stakeholders towards them. In this perspective, Mayer needs to follow the transformational leadership style by which she can be able to mitigate the issues along with a prospective growth of the organization. Reference list: Apple, 2016.Business. [online] Apple (India). Available at: https://www.apple.com/in/business/ [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. and Frey, D., 2013. Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), pp.270-283. Carlos Pinho, J., Paula Rodrigues, A. and Dibb, S., 2014. The role of corporate culture, market orientation and organisational commitment in organisational performance: the case of non-profit organisations.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.374-398. Carlstrm, E.D. and Ekman, I., 2012. Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of health organization and management,26(2), pp.175-191. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Forbes Welcome, 2016.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemyatt/2015/11/20/marissa-mayer-case-study-in-poor-leadership/#554398e23795 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Forbes, 2016.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackzenger/2015/10/21/4-top-lessons-in-leadership-from-john-sculley-2/#26d013ac1962 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Goldman, D., 2016.Apple CEO who fired Steve Jobs: 'I wish I had hired him back'. [online] CNNMoney. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/06/technology/john-sculley/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Mohr, D.C., Young, G.J. and Burgess Jr, J.F., 2012. Employee turnover and operational performance: the moderating effect of groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented organisational culture.Human Resource Management Journal,22(2), pp.216-233. Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. eds., 2013.Handbook of leadership theory and practice: An HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press. Parkay, F.W., Anctil, E.J. and Hass, G., 2014.Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W., 2013. A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), pp.377-393. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders.Public Administration Review,73(4), pp.553-565. Yahoo stakeholder turns up pressure on Marissa Mayer The Mercury News, 2016. [online] Mercurynews.com. Available at: https://www.mercurynews.com/2015/01/08/yahoo-stakeholder-turns-up-pressure-on-marissa-mayer/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Yahoo, 2016.Yahoo: The challenges facing new boss Marissa Mayer - BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18867477 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2016].

Using College Student Development Essay Samples

Using College Student Development Essay SamplesWriting a college student development essay can be a major headache. It's like trying to organize the most mind boggling collection of facts that can only serve to complicate and confuse. There is a solution and it is right in front of you.Look at some college student development essay samples. What exactly do they say? How did these sample students develop their essays? Is this the way that you are going to develop yours?This article will answer those questions for you and provide a guide on how to develop your college student development essay in the most efficient manner possible. The first thing you need to do is break down your essay into individual parts. If you don't know what parts, you can Google yourself and find out what the subject matter is and focus on the particular parts of your essay.The subject matter of your college student development essay should be something you really care about. Your essay will not be as good if y ou choose a topic that doesn't interest you at all. For example, if you are writing about a TV show and you love watching The Simpsons, then focus your subject matter on what you love about the show. This can be as simple as the fact that you love a particular episode or a particular character.The next step is to create a structure to your college student development essay. For example, you could write one part on each week that you watched the show and write the rest of your piece around that week. Each week will be built around the show so that it becomes more apparent why you are focusing on the events that happened each week. You can also use this structure to build more chapters into your essay so that the complete essay can be a cohesive whole.The last thing you want to do when developing your college student development essay is to make sure it flows well. The best way to do this is to have it formatted in a way that makes sense to you. Most college students write for school, so the structure is not as important. However, it's still a great idea to make your essay flow well so that it flows through your head without difficulty.Using college student development essay samples can provide a great source of information and can help you create a more powerful college student development essay. The main thing is to find a guide that shows you how to build an amazing college student development essay that the other people in your class will envy.

Application of Geography (GIS) In Biotechnology in Field Of Agriculture And Environment

Introduction Geographic information systems (GIS) have found widespread applications in many diverse fields as the number and range of such applications continue to increase with GIS extending to other fields. Biotechnology; a field in agriculture is one such area. The principal purpose of biotechnology is to improve productivity thus offering food security in areas that have faced food shortages in the past. With incorporation of GIS, meeting biotechnology goals has been realizable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Geography (GIS) In Biotechnology in Field Of Agriculture And Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the South African government is realizing better crop production due to utilization of GIS coupled with biotechnology. With help of GIS, authorities are coming up with more authentic and precise crop estimates to counter uncertainty in the South African grain industry. This move helps in achieving biotechnology goals; that is, improved crop production hence, food security. Producer Independent Crop Estimate System (PICES) is currently in use in South Africa and is used primarily to estimate area covered by grain crops. Nevertheless, there are several challenges facing integration of GIS in this agricultural sector as explicated later in this paper. Why GIS in Biotechnology Elementarily, understanding geography and establishing its relationship with other fields like agriculture, enables people to make wise decisions and in this case, wise food security decisions. According to Wyland (2009, p. 4), â€Å"the ability of GIS to analyze and visualize agricultural environments and work flows has proved to be very beneficial to those involved in the farming industry.† In biotechnology, GIS is helping to foster production, manage land expeditiously, and cut unnecessary costs in production. It is true that farmers cannot control farming natural inpu ts like soil, land, and rainfall among others; however, understanding these inputs through analysis by GIS systems, would work to their advantage in achieving their objectives in farming. For instance, through GIS, farmers can determine crop yield approximates, canvass soil amendments, detect soil erosion and postulate remediation strategies. Moreover, GIS is used to study other farming practices like pest control, fertilizer application, and crop diseases among others. The Most Appropriate Data Model The most appropriate data model in this agricultural application is the vector data models/structures (Soller 1999). â€Å"This mapping approach characterizes the vertical variations of physical properties in each 3-D map unit† (Soller Berg 2003). This model addresses the issue of determining land under grain crops better. The three dimensional mapping element of this model qualifies it as the most appropriate tool.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, this model is the best tool for mapping geographical space; it presents spatial locations precisely and relates entities implicitly (Doe 1997). According to Johnson, (1998, p. 16), this model has â€Å"Points associated with single set of coordinates with lines connected to sequence of coordinate pairs and area sequence of interconnected lines whose 1st last coordinate points are the same.† Therefore, given the objective of using GIS in this field, vector model stands out as the best. Estimating land under crop cover has to be more accurate and reliable if farmers are to root out the nightmare of food insecurity. Above all, the vector model represents what the map really looks like including all the dimensions (Tomlinson 2005). The data obtained in this model can be stored in separate files with a link connecting them thus enhancing information sharing and preventing complete information loss a t the same time (Soller Lindquist 2000). Moreover, this model comes in diverse varieties like, spaghetti, network model, dime files, and digital line graph (DLG) among others (Berry 1993). Therefore, based on the above key points, the vector data model is the most suitable one for this exercise. Applicable Data Sets and Data Sources As aforementioned, vector data model comes in varieties and this means that there are varieties of data sets available. In this agricultural field, one would consider using data sets like, ArcAtlas; Our Earth, which contains â€Å"global geographic and attribute data at three scales†¦with 1:20,000,000 for Africa† (ESRI Data Maps 2002). Others include digital charts of the world, and ESRI data and maps. These data sets enable users to break down geographical information into manageable sizes that can fit into computerized models (Lee Kretzschmar 2003). The 1: 20, 000, 000 scales have been used successfully in South Africa to estimate land u nder grain crops as aforementioned. Applicable data sources in this case include information from farmers and crop field boundaries that have been digitalized from satellite imagery. To complete this project of determining grain cropland cover in South Africa, the government is coming up with model maps representing this land. These model maps are the only products that this exercise has been able to come up with so far. To make these maps, several steps are involved as explicated next. Steps Used in Obtaining the Maps There are five steps used in developing the required maps that represent grain cropland cover in the estimation process. As aforementioned, the South African government is using PICES in this exercise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Geography (GIS) In Biotechnology in Field Of Agriculture And Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first step is getting satellite imagery. According to Fourie (2009, p. 9), the government of South Africa via Ministry of Agriculture provides the satellite imagery where, â€Å"SPOT Image Spot 5 satellite imagery with a 2.5-meter resolution is used as the base layer for digitizing.† After obtaining this satellite imagery, it is used to digitize the crop field boundaries. This exercise uses ArchMap, which lies under ArchAtlas. For clear-cut boundaries and images, 1:10,000 scales are used then the elaborate metadata captured in ArcCatalog from one province to the other. Through this method, the nine South African provinces are already digitalized. After obtaining clean and precise digitalized crop field boundaries, point frames are designed coupled with random sample point selection (Smith, Goodchild Longley 2007). The importance of random sample point selection is to ensure representation of possible cropped fields as subjects of field survey. A square point grid (45 m by 45m), is constructed for the total area und er each of the nine provinces. All the grid points falling outside the field boundaries are eliminated from the test population for they are improbable to locate any crop. The digitalized fields are then divided depending on the possibility of getting a crop. In these divisions, there are low, medium, and high divisions depending on the probability of getting a crop. It therefore follows that, the low classes have low probability, the medium have moderate probability while the high classes have the highest probability (Thurston, Poiker Moore 2003). The purpose of this classification is to improve sampling efficiency. Therefore, majority of sample points are drawn from areas with high probability. Wise (2002, p. 6) points out that the purpose of this process is to â€Å"obtain the most useful data within the budget constraints and keep the coefficient of variance (CV) as low as possible.† CV is the â€Å"ratio of standard deviation to the mean; it is used when comparing data sets with different units or widely differing means† (Doaks 1997, p. 16). From each stratum, grid points are selected, taken to a Microsoft SQL server database, and grouped consistently from north to south and east to west to guarantee optimum distribution of sample points across a given geographical area (Elangovan 2006). Thereafter, a stochastic starting point is selected and points picked at even intervals based on the number of points needed in each stratum.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth step is carrying aerial survey of sample points, which obtains crop data. This means that, the crops planted in each sample point are determined and the process involves use of a light aircraft. â€Å"A tablet PC, connected to a GPS running on an ArcPad is used to capture this data† (Fourie 1999, p. 1). This survey involves collecting information on the crops growing on each sample noting whether the crops grow under irrigation or on dry lands. Moreover, more information on specific natural conditions of the land is included in this survey for future references. Finally, the field data â€Å"captured and stored in shapefile format† (Burrough 1998, 69). This information is then transferred to a central server and then to SQL server database (Soller, Berg Wahl 2000). From here, the information can be used in statistical analysis to estimate cropland under grain cover. Limitations Facing GIS in Biotechnology There are numerous challenges facing proper utilizat ion of GIS in this agricultural field. The preferred GIS model is complex and utilizes complicated strategies. For instance, â€Å"Combining several polygon networks by intersection and overlay is difficult and it uses considerable computer power† (Worboys Duckham 2004). Moreover, this process is time consuming and tedious and â€Å"simulation modelling of processes of spatial interaction over paths not defined by explicit topology is more difficult because each spatial entity has a different shape and form† (Maguire, Goodchild Rhind 1997, p. 97). Additionally, this process faces other computational problems and finally it is expensive and may be not applicable in areas with poor economical background. Other issues concerning application of GIS in biotechnology include the ethical concerns surrounding use of biotechnology. Many people have not come into terms with use of biotechnology and in as much as GIS is there for improvement of food production, it may be imposs ible to implement it in areas where biotechnology is not welcomed. On the other hand, GIS has played key role in promoting biotechnology and food security. It has become easier to study arable lands for improvement of production. Conclusion In contemporary times, GIS is becoming a common place across diverse fields. In biotechnology and agriculture in general, GIS has come with numerous advantages. With GIS, the South African government has successfully estimated cropland planted with grains to predict how these lands can sustain grain requirements in the country. Biotechnology is then used to foster productivity of the surveyed lands. On its own, biotechnology would not sustain and assure food security in South Africa because there could not be estimates of what is required. The vector model of GIS has been used widely in these studies given its three dimensional nature of analyzing geographical settings. Several processes are involved starting with obtaining satellite imagery, thr ough digitalizing crop field boundaries and designing point frame to aerial survey and statistical analysis. However, this process is expensive and time consuming given the complex nature of vector data structures and the required resources. References List Berry, J 1993, â€Å"Beyond Mapping: Concepts, Algorithms, and Issues in GIS†, Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books Burrough, A Mcdonnell, R 1998, â€Å"Principles of Geographical Information Systems†, Oxford; Oxford University Press. Doaks, J 1997, â€Å"Another Introduction to GIS, New York: Bogus Press. Doe, J 1997, â€Å"An Introduction to GIS,† New York: Bogus Press. Elangovan, K 2006 â€Å"GIS: Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations†, New Delhi New India Publishing Agency. ESRI Data Maps 2002, â€Å"GSI Models†, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute Fourie, A 1999, â€Å"Better Crop Estimates In South Africa†, ESRI Press, 9-14. Johnson, B 1998, â€Å"Digital Geologic Map Data Model. V. 4.3: AASG/USGS Data Model Working Group Report†, Available at  https://www.usgs.gov/science/science-explorer/geology Lee, J Kretzschmar, W 1993, â€Å"Spatial Analysis of Linguistic Data with GIS Functions†, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 7(6); 541-560. Maguire, D, Goodchild, F Rhind, W 1997, â€Å"Geographic Information Systems: Principles, And Applications†, New York; Longman Publishers. Smith, M, Goodchild, F Longley, A 2007, â€Å"Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools†, International Journal of  Geographical Information Science, 8(6); 64-78. Soller, D 1999, â€Å"Proposed Guidelines for Inclusion of Digital Map Products in The National Geologic Map Database†, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99 (386); 35–38 Soller, D Berg, T 2003, â€Å"The National Geologic Map Database Project: Overview And Progress†, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File, Report 03–471. Soller, D, Berg, T Wahl, R 2000, â€Å"Developing the National Geologic Map Database, Phase 3—An Online, â€Å"Living† Database Of Map Information†, Available at  https://www.usgs.gov/ Soller, D Lindquist, T 2000 â€Å"Development And Public Review Of The Draft â€Å"Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization†, Available at  https://www.usgs.gov/ Tomlinson, R 2005, â€Å"Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning For Managers†, ESRI Press. Thurston, J, Poiker, T Moore, J 2003, â€Å"Integrated Geospatial Technologies: A Guide To GPS, GIS, And Data Logging†, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Wise, S 2002, â€Å"GIS Basics†, London: Taylor Francis Worboys, M Duckham, M 2004, â€Å"GIS: A Computing Perspective†, Boca Raton: CRC Press. Wyland, J 1999, â€Å"Agribusiness Grows With Crop-Specific Maps†, ESRI Press. This essay on Application of Geography (GIS) In Biotechnology in Field Of Agriculture And Environment was written and submitted by user Maya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

About That Mysterious Astronomical Clock in Prague

About That Mysterious Astronomical Clock in Prague Tick tock, whats the oldest clock? The idea of decorating buildings with a timepiece goes back a long way, says Dr. Jià ¸Ãƒ ­ (Jiri) Podolskà ½, from Charles University in Prague. The square, lion-flanked tower in Padua, Italy was built in 1344. The original Strasbourg clock, with angels, hour glasses, and crowing roosters, was built in 1354. But, if youre looking for a highly ornamental, astronomical clock with its original workings intact, Dr. Podolskà ½ says this: Go to Prague. Prague: Home to the Astronomical Clock Prague, capital of the Czech Republic, is a crazy quilt of architectural styles. Gothic cathedrals soar over Romanesque churches. Art Nouveau facades nestle alongside Cubist buildings. And, in every part of the city are clock towers. The oldest and most celebrated clock is on the side wall of the Old Town Hall in Old Town Square. With glittering hands and a complex series of filigreed wheels, this ornamental timepiece doesnt merely mark the hours of a 24-hour day. Symbols of the zodiac tell the course of the heavens. When the bell tolls, windows fly open and mechanical apostles, skeletons, and sinners begin a ritualistic dance of destiny. The irony of the Prague Astronomical Clock is that for all its mastery at keeping time, it is nearly impossible to place in time. Chronology of the Prague Clock Dr. Podolskà ½ believes the original clock tower in Prague was built in about 1410. The original tower was no doubt modeled after  ecclesiastical bell towers that were sweeping the continents architecture. The complexity of gears would have been very high-technology back in the early 15th century.   It was a simple, unadorned structure back then, and the clock showed only astronomical data. Later, in 1490, the tower facade was decorated with flamboyant Gothic sculptures and a golden astronomical dial. Then, in the 1600s, came the mechanical figure of Death, leering and tolling the great bell. The mid-1800s brought still more additions- wooden carvings of the twelve apostles and a calendar disk with astrological signs. Todays clock is thought to be the only one on earth to keep sidereal time in addition to our regular time- thats the difference between a sidereal and lunar month. Stories About Pragues Clock Everything in Prague has a story, and so it is with the Old Town clock. Natives claim that when the mechanical figures were created, town officials had the clockmaker blinded so that he would never duplicate his masterpiece. In vengeance, the blind man climbed the tower and stopped his creation. The clock remained silent for more than fifty years. Centuries later, during dreary decades of communist domination, the legend of the blinded clockmaker became a metaphor for thwarted creativity. At least thats the way the story goes. When Clocks Become Architecture Why do we turn timepieces into architectural monuments? Perhaps, as Dr. Podolskà ½ suggests, builders of early clock towers wanted to show their respect for the heavenly order. Or, perhaps the idea runs even deeper. Was there ever an era when humans didnt build great structures to mark the passage of time? Just look at the ancient Stonehenge in Great Britain. Now thats an old clock! Source: Prague Astronomical Clock  © J.Podolsky, 30 Dec 1997, at http://utf.mff.cuni.cz/mac/Relativity/orloj.htm [accessed November 23, 2003]